Social Exclusion
A new term which has recently emerged in discussions of poverty is 'social exclusion'. In many ways it is similar to the relative definition of poverty, but it involves much more than looking at income, as it includes many other factors which shape life chances, such as health, education, security and general participation in society. Social exclusion means being shut out of the economic, political and cultural systems which make up social life, so that excluded people are no longer integrated and do not feel that they are a full member of society. The term is also used to express the idea that deprivation is a dynamic process: 'the poor' or excluded are not a fixed group stuck in a permanent condition, many of them go through different phases where they are able to participate in social life for a while before becoming excluded again(for example, they find a job for a while before becoming unemployed).
For these reasons, social exclusion cannot be measured only by looking at income levels and it cannot be summarised by a figure in the same way that a poverty line can. For example, the New Policy Institute's assessment of exclusion involved over fifty different indicators covering the whole lifecycle, ranging from the weight of newborn babies to the pension levels of retired people. The government's report on social exclusion involves twenty-four separate measures across nine areas which apply to both individuals and neighborhoods. These are intented to provide an annual calculation of social exclusion so that the sucess or failure of government welfare policies can be measured.(S. Moore, 2002: pp. 77-87)
Government Indicators of Social Exclusion
1. Income: proportion of people on low income or dependent upon benefits for a long term.
2. Fuel: proportion of children and older people in households which struggle to pay fuel bills.
3. Finance: proportion of people contributing to a non-State pension.
4. Employment: proportion of people in employment number of people who live in households where no one in employed.
5. Housing: proportion of children living in poor housing, proportion of older people being helped to live independently by public service, number of homeless.
6. Environment: proportion of older who ive in fear of crime.
7. Health: level of illegal drug use among younger people, suicide rate, children's injuries...
8. Education: levels of truancy and school exclusion, proportion of 16-18-year-olds not in education or training, proportion of working age people with at least one qualification
9. Teenage Pregnancy
The Life Style and Poverty(S. Moore, 2002)
When we talk about ‘the poor’, it gives the impression that there is a fixed body of people, separate from the mainstream society, who live in poverty all their lives. This is true for some people, but the majority of the poor are people who live on the margins of poverty and who are more likely to be in poverty for certain periods of their lives, and to climb out of it during other periods.
For example, people who have young, dependent children and a low wage will probably be in great financial difficulties because of the financial burden of having children. They will, therefore, be likely to go into poverty – and of course their children will be poor too. Later, as the children are able to do part-time work or later enter full-time employment, then the parents may well move out of poverty (just!). However, as they grow old and their incomes decline again, and with little money saved, they may fall back into poverty.
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